50 million worldwide to be more humane care for women prisoners

British League for penal reform, said the information available, filled with men and prison violence, the atmosphere is different is that women's prisons are often filled with despair in the air. Frequently female self-mutilation, suicide has become a crisis in the prison system throughout the UK

▲ California women's prison.

The rule of law over the weekend reporter Xue Hongtao

Not long ago, the Afghan Interior Ministry official said, the Afghan women who are mostly female prison "morally out of the problem." Some of them fled from home, some people do not want to get married by their parents, some people run away. Of course, the female also has committed serious crimes such as murder and other serious criminals.

In 2008, Afghanistan's first independent women's prisons built in the capital Kabul. So far, few have been established throughout Afghanistan, similar to the women's prison blocks. Many of the female inmates have minor children, so the prison is also a lot of children into custody. Women's prison in Kabul, each room has three bunk beds and a separate toilet.

According to Afghan officials said the women's prison in Afghanistan to improve their basic living conditions of women prisoners, and to help these women to support themselves after release. At present, the Afghan national were detained in prisons and hundreds of hundreds of female children. Prior to this, these children are female, and mixed with the male prisoners detained in a prison with.

400-year history of women's prisons

Currently, the national prison system is more commonly used classification of male offenders in prisons and women's prison, the men and women the were held, not only for gender considerations, but also conducive to men and women under different physiological and psychological characteristics to take a different management and educational measures, the implementation of individualized at the event.

Women's prison is just a special type of prison and other prisons category also includes women's prison, such as an open prison, prison, guilty of negligence, treatment and forbidden prison, progressive prisons.

Modern Western prisons began in the 16th century, the development of the prison experience of Western countries from simple to complex, from extensive to science, through several centuries of development. 1519, Spain began to prison for male and female inmates housed separately. Late 16th century, the Dutch created a free sentence, followed by the establishment of the implementation of free sentence in the modern sense of the prison. Correction Centre Amsterdam, the Netherlands became a model for prisons in Western countries. Meanwhile, the Dutch authorities to avoid the charge of the case mix of men and women prisoners, in 1598 the Amsterdam city Wei Zila monastery transformed into women's textile prison. 1595 British Women's Correction Centre established, when they separate from male prisoners and female prisoners in custody is the modern men and women approach the start of the prison sub-supervisor.

1704 Pope XI for juvenile offenders run the Roman Catholic Church a prison, in 1735, the Roman Pope as the woman opened a special prison, the formation of separate male and female prisoners approach. During this period prison inmates classified mainly by gender and age classification of the natural attributes, this classification a great impact on the world, until the 18th century.

In 1773, the United States into Walter Street jail, prison, respectively, according to the nature of the prisoners held. In 1775, William XIV in a prison in Belgium adopted taking into account age, gender characteristics and crime measures such factors as district prison. Monitoring system has been divided between men and women prisoners more and more countries recognized.

In 1792, the United Kingdom into a county jail to the detention center, will be convicted prisoners, unconvicted prisoners, respectively, while for juvenile offenders, adult offenders, male offenders, female prisoners separately. To the 19th century, imprisonment is still the mainstream thinking of punishing deterrence doctrine, but some scholars put forward positive educational doctrine to the execution of punishment instead of a negative doctrine.

October 1870, in Cincinnati called the first national prison conference is the establishment of National Prison Association. The General Assembly adopted the "1870 Declaration of Principles", requiring the establishment of small-scale prisons and the implementation of different types of classification of prisoners imprisoned, the General Assembly proposed a "spiritual regeneration" to replace the "suffering of atonement" slogan.

1844 U.S. Women's Prison Association was founded, the goal is to improve the treatment of female prisoners were held and the requirements. Established after the Civil War, the United States women's reformatory school too, but the American's first independent women's prison built in 1872, in the next 50 years, the other 13 states before being set up special women's prison.

After the 20th century, imprisonment for corrective education will gradually change its thinking, the Western countries have clearly made the Prisons Act to establish the prison system is to correct the offender, so reverted to the community. After World War II, the non-custodial alternatives to imprisonment of at patterns of case has become the core of the prison reform movement. Open institutions in Europe and the United States has made great progress, an important criminal system.

Muqian most countries, in accordance with the age of offenders, sex offenders adult male prison setting, women's prison and juvenile offenders on the basis of the prison, and according to their history, culture, socio-economic situation there are many new prison classification rules and practices.

France established a long-term prisoners for confinement in prisons and detention centers central; for the custody and detention of offenders of other special prison. Among them, the special prison is the women's prison, the medical prison, prison recidivism.

There are several varieties of the Soviet Union to places of detention reform through labor camps, prisons and reeducation through labor camps. Special education through labor camps held juvenile offenders. In 1992, the Russian Labor Code provides that transformation: "reform through labor institutions in the separate detention of sentenced persons." Including: separate male and female prisoners; was sentenced to deprivation of liberty for women and minors held separately; the first time women have been sentenced over the past service punishment of women housed separately.

Correction of the Hong Kong region of China by Western influence, while retaining the traditional oriental culture. Hong Kong's correctional system are: prisons, training center and detention center, drug addicts. Which the prison is divided into: adult male offenders, young male offenders, adult female, young female 4. One young male offenders, the young female prisoners were men and women under the age of 21 prisoners.

Female's life-saving Angel Fry

From the 18th century, the capitalist economy developed rapidly in the UK, growing polarization between rich and poor, leading to simultaneous growth of crime, prison inmates increase. Behind the prison management and social development, infrastructure can not meet the regulatory needs, leading to prison overcrowding, epidemics, crime, serious cross-infection.

The early 19th century English prison conditions and management, both from the point of view, can be described as a "living hell", which mainly are: remote locations, harsh conditions; management confusion, regulatory weakness, with male offenders and female prisoners in custody Female inmates were also often the male guards molested and indecent; strict prison rules, the penalty Yeman; poor conditions, epidemics, according to historical records, the prison doors in London's new manager and in 1414 there were 64 prison who died of the plague.

The late 18th century and early 19th century European countries is the prevailing trend in the humanitarian phase of social transition. People for the implementation of the feudal society to give a good beating criminal intimidation, against torture, the implementation of the idea of humanization of punishment including the abolition of corporal punishment and other content only, but also the reform of the prison system to protect the treatment and so the lowest criminals.

British Christian Quaker philanthropist Elizabeth Fry lived in this period, when Britain is in a variant of social transition and the main stage, all areas have experienced tremendous changes in the test, prisons and justice as well. British Industrial Revolution and the rise in crime caused by the darkness of prison overcrowding situation in prisons and penal reform to become a necessity.

1817 to 1820, Elizabeth Fry launched a new nationwide prison reform movement, which the British prison reform into a new era. Her first prison run by the factory is its schools and prisons to implement important measures of prison reform.

Fry stressed that prisons should implement the principles of category management. Male and female prisoners must be isolated in prison, women inmates in the prison, sometimes it hurts far more than male prisoners, because they are tortured in addition to, but also often by male guards and male prisoners sexually assaulted. She suggested that people who look after the best women's prison are women and girls undergo female prison only to visit.

Fry is also recommended for additional prison pastor, with religion as a guide to correct criminal thinking of offenders based on the main spirit of religion should be changed especially for women prisoners, prisoners attitude play an important role. She also believes that prisons should employ their own specialized doctors to treat offenders are suffering from various diseases, and the only men allowed to enter the women's prison should only be a doctor.

The end of 1816, Fry established a British prison the first school in history. Although the classroom is just a tiny cell, the surrounding environment is poor, teachers are elected from the female in the students are female and their 30 children born in prison, but its significance is profound.

1817 April, Fry organized and set up a "new door Association of Prison correctional women", the association of 11 wealthy Quaker women and a wife of the pastor other denominations, whose purpose is: to female to provide clothes; guidance of their habits; professor of technology they work so that it can be hired; guide their thinking and spirit so that they can tame in prison to reform the attitude, after his release from prison can do to ensure self-reliant, no longer return to prostitution.

Fry the implementation of vocational training and reward systems in the history of the British prison reform initiative for the growth of female offenders, especially offenders skills, and enhance living after being released from prison the ability to provide a good opportunity. Around for the correct guidance in women, but also for the prison reform toward a common goal, in April 1821, Fry set up a "reform of the British female Affairs Association."

British Prisons Act 1823 introduced penalties in the history of the United Kingdom a milestone, which contains many ideas that Frye and other reformers who have the fighting creed. Since then, offenders are classified detention; male and female prisoners and female prisoners should be isolated by female prison guards to watch and so on. Prisons in many countries the world reference to the UK prison mode.

Fry in the reform process to promote the concept of execution from the death penalty, corporal punishment system of criminal penalties to the freedom of change. In modern times, the prison has undergone a fundamental change in the role, criminal punishment of isolation from the simple place, transformed into an educational mission of the correct place rehabilitation of offenders. Fry contributed to this transformation.

Global female amazing growth

August 2010, the British penal reform coalition submitted data show that in women's prisons in England and Wales, the CPC held the 4230 female, of which 63% of female prisoners are non-violent crimes, 78% of women prisoners have mental problems, 58% of female prisoners drug and alcohol dependency, 37% of the female prison before the attempted suicide.

June 1995, the number of female prisoners in England and Wales is 1979, 2000 3355, 2007 4283, 2009, the United Kingdom a total of 11,044 female prisoners in custody.

According to the International Centre for Prison Studies estimates there are around 50 million women prisoners are held in place a variety of punishment, the United States is the country with the largest female, some female 183,000, the total number of global female 1 / 3 . United States and other countries, although the number and proportion of female prisoners has been growing, but the number of female less than male offenders.

According to statistics, in June 2006, 925 million people around the world there are prisoners, of which the largest number of American prisoners, the federal and state prison inmates a total of 2,245,189 people. In the U.S., the proportion of female prisoners account for 9.1% of all female prisoners, the global average of 4.3%. However, given the total number of U.S. prisoners and prisoners in the proportion of the total population, the U.S. female prisoners accounted for 9.1% of the country, it means that the United States and the female proportion of the total U.S. population is 1.34 ‰, the ratio is high in the world .

From June 2005 to June 2006, the U.S. federal and state judicial decisions of the female growth rate is twice the male offenders, in the year, the number of female growth rate is 4.6%, while the number of male offenders growth rate was 2.7%. This female is also broadly in line with the growth rate from 2000 to 2006 the growth rate equivalent to that from 2000 to 2006 the number of 6 years the average U.S. growth rate of female is about 3.3% during the same period the average growth rate of male offenders was 2%.

Women's prisons are packed around the reality in the world, especially countries with high rates of crime. The high crime rate in South Africa is attracting worldwide attention, prison is often overcrowded. South Africa's existing 224 prisons, including 115 men, prison, eight female prisons, juvenile detention center 12, the other 89 prisons were both male offenders, there are female prisoners. The biggest problem facing South Africa's prison capacity is inadequate, overcrowded. Even more prominent women's prison, the design of the prison, 89 prisoners detained 231 people actually.

The confinement of women's prisons in South Africa, generally speaking there are three, one is a large dormitory, two floors, all next to a bed, a large room with 40 people detained. One is only room for one or two on the bed of the small room, which held a 2-4 inmates. Maternal and child custody is at the third, although there is a large dormitory, but it should be relatively large number, three sides of a large bed, the middle one for the kids to play venues, wall covered with paintings, in the aisle wall has a row of children's beds.

Women's violent crime in South Africa is not very common, mostly because of female theft, fraud and the imprisonment, among them most uneducated, many people put in prison or no work to do at home or in another domestic helper.

South Africa's maternal and child custody women's prison room, is to take care of those children were young when sentencing women. Maternal and child custody conditions in terms of room space or room air than other cells in health is better, as far as possible to create conditions for the prison to those innocent children, including the person responsible for care of children out of the sun and the kids to play on the lawn , to give children toys. Children 5 years old in prison before the prison sector and the community need to a charity or religious structure of contact, for the children find a way out.

Some of the major national women's prison are foreigners, such as the Dubai Women's Prison, the prison is currently a total of 160 female prisoners, but only 2 of their citizens, and the remaining 48 prisoners from other countries. They are crimes, including murder, drug trafficking.

Lack of emotional and spiritual care

Prison system was originally designed for the man detained. However, demand for female and male offenders are fundamentally different, female gynecological and obstetric health needs special care; many female prisoners still in jail before breast-feeding their children, many female children born in prison; many women prisoners in progress sexual abuse before prison, and often victims of physical harm; also many female prisoners suffer from mental and emotional harm; in the same circumstances, and compared with male offenders, female prisoners in return to the family and society to face more obstacles.

Prison is meant for female greater emotional and spiritual harm. Female usually has a strong sense of helplessness and sense of shame, which is very easily lead to their feelings, emotional, spiritual and psychological problems. And compared with the same sex outside the prison, women prisoners at the prison lack of specialized medical care, in the women's prison there for a few special female discrimination, so that more emphasis on their psychological burden and emotional torture.

According to the survey, London's Holloway women's prison in cases of self-mutilation every day --- someone is trying to self-immolation occurred, some people cut themselves, it was secretly poisoned, and others kept the head on the wall ... ...

Holloway women's prison, many women prisoners are trained in trauma, mental health worrying, they self-harm and suicide is quite high. According to statistics, the prison in the United Kingdom, 50% of female self-mutilation is the case as suicide. With the increasing number of female prisoners, from 2002 to 2003, female cases of deliberate self-harm rose to 7,400 a day from self-mutilation occurred at least three cases.

Holloway women's prison, a female named Louis who is typical of self-mutilation. Lewis Road in the wound himself cut his debut, as every day to add a new wound, unhealed scars of old and new injuries piled up together, so that a large swollen arm. Keep a road on her arm deep scars. The reason why self-mutilation, because Lewis was an alcoholic mother taught from childhood to this idea: "real woman" is not crying. Lewis will not cry to cut the wrist release.

Many female prisoners in Holloway women's prison, hanged himself in the selection, bed sheets became commonly used female suicide tool. The prevention of suicide in prison is responsible for affairs of the total WPC Chatten a knife hanging from the belt to cut suicide timely twist neck rope. Some inmates in prison using porcelain cup brought from home, and these glasses after breaking a suicide weapon.

Prison self-harm and suicide prevention consultant Snow explained: "Many women prisoners have been very painful experience, some people have lost their mother in the qualifications, many people lost their personal status, self-mutilation so that they get some satisfaction. We They should provide other channels to get satisfaction. "

British League for penal reform, said the information available, filled with men and prison violence, the atmosphere is different is that women's prisons are often filled with despair in the air. Frequently female self-mutilation, suicide has become a crisis in the prison system throughout the UK. Suicide, sexual abuse, mental and addicted to drugs and so on, almost all the women's prison filled with the British.

People in the investigation into the cause of suicide was found, mainly caused by female suicide despair, pressure and shame. They were in jail, away from family and friends, many weak forces met strong female female abuse.

British League for penal reform proposals: Women's Prison should only be held for those extremely violent and dangerous female, who only about less than 100; the rest of female labor can substitute for them through social penalties.